Which item is NOT typically included in operating expenses?

• A. Swimming pool management
• B. Utilities
• C. Capital improvements
• D. Contract services

Answer: (C)

Operating expenses cover the day-to-day costs of running the community: ongoing services and utilities that keep facilities functioning. Items like pool management, utilities, and contract services fit here because they are regular, necessary to operate the property, and expensed in the period. Capital improvements, on the other hand, are long-term investments that add value or extend the life of the property—think major renovations or new amenities. Those are capital expenditures and are typically capitalized and depreciated over time rather than expensed all at once in operating costs. So, the item that is not typically included in operating expenses is a capital improvement.